All of the following types of insurance may be required at closing EXCEPT:

Life insurance is not typically required at closing for a real estate transaction. The primary purpose of the closing process is to finalize the sale of a property, and specific types of insurance are directly pertinent to the protection of the property itself and the interests of the parties involved in the transaction.

Homeowner's insurance is essential as it protects the buyer from potential damages to the property. Title insurance safeguards against any issues related to the ownership of the property, ensuring that the title is clear and free from disputes. Flood insurance may be mandated if the property is located in a flood-prone area, as it protects against water damage.

In contrast, life insurance is designed to provide financial support to dependents in the event of the policyholder's death and is not a requirement related to the real estate transaction or the closing process. Therefore, among the options provided, life insurance is the one that does not have a necessary connection to the closing.